An estimated 80 million girls and women living today have undergone female genital mutilation,2 which is practised primarily in sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab world, Malaysia, and Indonesia and among migrant populations in Western countries. In Britain alone an estimated 10 000 girls are currently at risk (E Dorkenoo and S Elworthy, first study conference of genital mutilation of girls in Europe, July 1993). Justification for the practice varies from region to region: religious, cultural, medical, and moral arguments have all been used. http://www.bmj.com/highwire/filestream/353202/field_highwire_article_pdf/0/460 (08/21/1983)

Author Kelly, Elizabeth a; Hillard, Paula J Adams b Institution (a) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (b) Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Title Female genital mutilation.[Miscellaneous] Source Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 17(5):490-494, October 2005. Abstract Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to aid the healthcare practitioner in caring for children, girls, and women who have undergone female genital mutilation or who are at risk for female genital mutilation. Recent findings: The bulk of the literature published in the area of female genital mutilation over the past year addresses the laws, social needs, immigration status and assimilation of African women who immigrate into western countries. Clinicians continue to publish case reports of complications and the surgical management of type III female genital mutilation during labor. Additionally, as people continue to try to eliminate female genital mutilation through human rights campaigns and the legal system, they have also become increasingly aware that understanding the motives behind this traditional practice may be an avenue towards change. Summary: The fundamental understanding of female genital mutilation will allow the clinician to address the emotional and physical needs of the children, girls, and women who have undergone this traditional practice or who are at risk for undergoing this practice. This understanding will allow the practitioner to individualize the history and physical examination, and to provide appropriate management with recognition and treatment of complications. Increased knowledge of the laws against female genital mutilation will allow the healthcare provider to educate and advise at-risk girls and women as well as their parents. http://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2005/10000/Female_genital_mutilation.9.aspx

Female circumcision has no place in Islam; as it is restricted to some Muslim countries (Egypt, Indonesia, Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritruria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria and Togo), many religious leaders consider it a social custom rather than a religious practice. Religious circumcision: a Muslim view S.A.H. RIZVI, S.A.A NAQVI, M. HUSSAIN and A.S. HASAN Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Dow Medical College and Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan http://werzit.com/intel/religion/islam/articles/archives/Religious%20circumcision%20a%20Muslim%20view.pdf